Characteristics and Formation Background of Shell Middens in the Neolithic and Samhan Periods in the South Coast Region

The study discusses the presence of shell middens on the Korean Peninsula during the Neolithic period, their disappearance in the Bronze Age, and their reappearance in the Samhan period. During the Neolithic Age, research on shell middens primarily focused on understanding ancient living practices, while during the Samhan period, scholars aimed to understand the reasons behind their resurgence and increased quantities or new locations. The paper analyzes and compares shell midden patterns between these two periods, examining differences in shell use patterns, the nature of shell middens, and their formation backgrounds. It reviews natural and artificial artifacts, remains, locations, and environmental data. The results are attributed to differences in living methods and social structures of each era. The Neolithic Shell Mound exhibited both base and outdoor camp types, suggesting a procurement movement strategy. People in the Neolithic Age engaged in various sea-based food acquisition activities, leading to the identification of diverse natural artifacts and production tools. During the Samhan period, fish excavation decreased while mammal capture increased significantly, indicating reduced marine activity and a societal shift away from dependence on fishing. The most significant difference between the Neolithic and Samhan periods lies in the nature of capture activities: self-consumption versus procurement for others. Discussions on the formation of Shell Mounds during the Samhan Dynasty highlight socio-cultural explanations, emphasizing changes in Samhan society amidst environmental and social shifts. This is linked to increased trade and iron production during the Samhan period, with specialized groups managing these activities and roles related to living being divided.