Pattern and risk factors of congenital anomalies among neonates born in Dhulikhel hospital

Background: Congenital anomalies are structural, functional and metabolic disorders at birth. Though common, the aetiology is multi–factorial and vary depending upon the socio–cultural practice. The congenital malformation accounts for the leading cause of neonatal deaths, still births and abortions. This study aims to identify the prevalence, pattern and the risk factors associated with congenital anomalies in neonates born in Dhulikhel hospital. Methods: This was a retrospective study which included all neonates born in Dhulikhel hospital with congenital anomalies during the period of 1st January 2018 till 31st December 2022. Data was collected from the institutional medical records and entered on SPSS 25.0 for analysis after obtaining the ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee. Results: From a total of 14,046 deliveries, 132 (0.94%) neonates were found to have congenital anomalies; of which majority 84 (63.6%) were male, term neonates 100 (75.8%) with normal birth weight 116 (87.9%). Most of the mothers 109 (82.6%) and fathers 101 (76.5%) of the neonates were within age group 20 to 35 years. Of the total neonates with anomalies, 104 (78.8%) had single system involved while 28 (21.2%) had more than one system involved. The most frequent anomalies involved the cardiovascular system 35 (26.51%) followed by musculoskeletal system 34 (25.75%) and cleft lip and palate 25 (18.94%). Conclusion: Congenital anomalies are an important cause of infant and childhood deaths, chronic illness, and disability. Therefore, strategies for early diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation, and prevention are crucial in preventing morbidity and mortality.