Changing patterns of household access to clean water in Indonesia: A study for the 2018–2022 period

Access to clean water is an important indicator of community welfare. Despite improvements in recent years, many households in Indonesia still face challenges in accessing clean water. This study aims to analyze the change in the percentage of households without access to clean water in Indonesia during the period 2018–2022. This study used longitudinal data from an annual survey that measured the proportion of households without access to clean water. The analysis was carried out descriptively to identify trends and variations between regions. Results show that there is a gradual decline in the percentage of households without access to clean water nationally, although there are fluctuations in some regions. Some provinces showed significant improvement, while others experienced stagnation or even improvement. These findings highlight the importance of area-based interventions to improve access to clean water, with priority given to areas that show slow improvement or regression. The results of this study can be the basis for more targeted policies in ensuring the equitable availability of clean water throughout Indonesia.