Inorganic Nanomaterials-Mediated Immune Regulation for Inflammation Resolution

Inflammation plays a critical role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and facilitating repair, but dysregulated inflammation can lead to the development and progression of inflammatory diseases, posing a significant threat to human health. Inorganic nanomaterials, due to their unique physicochemical properties, have emerged as powerful tools for modulating the inflammatory microenvironment. This review discusses the potential of inorganic nanomaterials in addressing key inflammatory processes, including oxidative stress regulation, immune cell modulation, and the blockade of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways. We highlight strategies such as surface functionalization for targeted delivery, the design of nanostructures with antioxidant properties, and the controlled release of therapeutic gases, which together offer new avenues for precision inflammation therapy. Additionally, we explore the ability of these nanomaterials to influence immune responses, from macrophage polarization to the inhibition of inflammasome activation, and discuss their multifaceted roles in regulating the immune system. Despite promising preclinical results, challenges remain in terms of biosafety, long-term stability, and addressing the heterogeneous nature of the inflammatory microenvironment. Future efforts should focus on developing multifunctional nanoplatforms that can simultaneously target multiple inflammatory pathways, paving the way for more effective and personalized treatments of inflammatory diseases.