Microbial biosorption: a sustainable approach for metal removal and environmental remediation

Abstract The increasing prevalence of heavy metal pollution presents significant threats to ecosystems and public health, necessitating innovative and sustainable remediation strategies. Microbial biosorption has emerged as a promising and eco-friendly approach for removing and detoxifying heavy metals from contaminated environments. This review explores the unique biosorptive capabilities of microorganisms—specifically bacteria, fungi, and algae—highlighting their potential as cost-effective alternatives to conventional remediation methods that are often expensive and generate secondary pollutants. Advances in genetic engineering have further enhanced the biosorptive efficiency of these microorganisms, improving their utility in environmental remediation. Additionally, microbial biosorption offers the dual benefits of environmental detoxification and the recovery of valuable metals, contributing to the circular economy. This comprehensive analysis underscores the potential of microbial strategies in addressing heavy metal contamination and advocates for their integration into broader environmental remediation efforts. By providing a detailed overview of the mechanisms and advantages of microbial biosorption, this review aims to support the development of sustainable solutions to improve environmental health and ensure a sustainable future.