The Role of Electric Vehicles in Power System Frequency Regulation Services: Technologies, Market Positioning, and Challenges

The integration of renewable energy sources has exacerbated frequency fluctuations in power systems, rendering traditional regulation resources incapable of responding swiftly. Electric vehicles (EVs), with their bidirectional charging and discharging capabilities, serve as efficient distributed resources for frequency regulation. This paper provides a comprehensive review of key technologies enabling EV participation in primary and secondary frequency regulation. It explores the market positioning and optimization strategies for electric vehicle aggregators (EVAs) in the frequency market, analyzing the impact of battery degradation and the uncertainties associated with EVs on their participationin frequency regulation markets. Building upon this, the paper examines frequency coordination scenarios between EVs and wind power and discusses future directions for the development of EV-wind power coordinated frequency regulation services.