The Effect of Environmental Regulations on Carbon Emissions within the Framework of the EKC Hypothesis: The Role of Energy Consumption and Trade Openness

Environmental pollution is a widespread problem worldwide. One of the primary factors contributing to environmental pollution is the emission of CO2. According to some opinions, environmental regulations have a reducing effect on CO2 emissions. This study aims to investigate the direct impact of environmental regulations on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. In this regard, the period from 1993 to 2018 has been taken as the basis for the Next-11 countries. The relationship between the variables has been investigated using CUP-FM and CUP-BC estimators. According to the results obtained, environmental regulations have been shown to reduce CO2 emissions.