Anatomical features of the lingual frenulum and the underlying muscular and fibrous structures depending on the type and location of hyoid ligament attachment

Given the high prevalence of tongue frenulum anomalies, the difficulties in timely diagnosis and the choice of treatment methods, it is important to identify the anatomical features of the tongue and hyoid area, which may be essential in planning and carrying out surgical treatment, patient preparation and rehabilitation, planning the work of speech therapists and other specialists, if surgery can be avoided. The aim of the present work was to determine the relationship of anatomical features of the tongue and hyoid region with the type of hyoid ligament anomalies. The work was performed in the Mira Dental Clinic, Krasnoyarsk, in the period from 01.01.2022 to 20.12.2024, where the author operated on 58 patients in 2022 (28 – with critically shortened hyoid ligament), 131 patients in 2023 (67 – with critically shortened hyoid ligament), 113 patients in 2024 (51 – with critically shortened hyoid ligament). The data obtained, as well as theoretical basic knowledge and information from literature sources about hyoid ligament anomalies and language features are summarized. Three types of hyoid ligament attachment to the tongue are identified, detailing the corresponding features of the tongue and hyoid region. Conclusions are made about the possibilities of using the identified anatomical features in diagnosis, development of a treatment plan, selection of surgical intervention techniques, and rehabilitating patients with frenulum anomalies.