The role of criminal justice in enhancing punitive measures for sports-related offenses: a multivariate comparative study

Introduction: This study explores criminal activities in sports—specifically doping, match-fixing, and violence—emphasizing the need for strong legal frameworks, enforcement, and societal backing to uphold sports integrity. Objective: To assess how legal systems, penalties, and institutional coordination in various countries impact the prevention and management of sports-related offenses, using a comparative legal analysis. Methodology: Seven countries—Italy, Germany, China, the UK, USA, Canada, and Iraq—were selected based on diversity in legal systems, sports development levels, and data availability. The study analyzed national laws, WADA guidelines, and international reports. Countries were classified into proactive-punitive, sports-centric, moderate, or reactive-minimal systems. Socio-cultural and institutional legitimacy factors were included alongside legal norms. Results: Lower recidivism and higher public trust were found in systems with clear laws and effective coordination. Weak legal frameworks led to repeated offenses and reintegration challenges. Preventive and educational efforts significantly reduced repeat offenses across all country types. Discussion: Vague laws and fragmented institutions undermine sanction effectiveness. In contrast, coherent rules and policies support both deterrence and rehabilitation. Cultural trust and institutional legitimacy often outweigh the severity of penalties in influencing outcomes. Conclusion: Effective collaboration and legal clarity enhance responses to sports-related crimes. The global sports sector should adopt unified standards, with comprehensive strategies—combining punitive, preventive, and educational approaches—proving most effective in preserving integrity and reducing criminal behaviors.