Hydrothermal synthesis of biomass-derived CQDs: Advances and applications

Abstract Biomass-based carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are a new type of fluorescent nanomaterial that has received considerable attention due to their low cost, environmental friendliness, and excellent biocompatibility. This review highlights recent progress in the hydrothermal synthesis of these materials, focusing on the use of precursors derived from plants, animals, and microorganisms, as well as their applications in fields such as anti-counterfeiting, wastewater treatment, and biomedical research. Key factors influencing the hydrothermal synthesis, including temperature, pressure, and precursor selection, are discussed. The unique properties and challenges of biomass-derived CQDs are also examined, including issues related to synthesis efficiency, large-scale production, stability, and safety. Future research should aim to optimize synthesis techniques, improve material quality and durability, and address long-term stability and environmental adaptability in practical applications, particularly in anti-counterfeiting technologies. These advancements will further promote the widespread industrial and commercial application of biomass-derived CQDs.