Immunomodulatory and regenerative potentials of breast milk

The purpose of this review is to compile current literature data on the unique immunological properties and regenerative capabilities of breast milk. This review considers the immature cellular and humoral immune response of newborns and infants, and the ability of breast milk components to compensate for this immaturity. Microchimerism caused by breastfeeding is under discussion in the specialized literature and plays a key role in the formation of the immune system and the child’s organism. Milk stem cells integrate and differentiate into the tissues of the newborn. Breast milk of a nursing woman is the richest source of oligosaccharides, the numerous positive effects of which contribute to the formation of a proper intestinal microbiome and a protective intestinal barrier. Nutrient transport is mediated by exosomes synthesized by mammary gland and breast milk cells. Many researchers consider exosomes as a potential means of targeted drug delivery. One of especially interesting features is the HAMLET protein complex, which has anti-carcinogenic effects. The analysis included scientific publications indexed in Web of Science Core Collection databases and thematic publications in scientific journals included in RSCI, with a search depth of mainly 10 years.