A Review: Nanosponge Drug Delivery System

The nanosponge drug delivery system has emerged as a revolutionary approach in pharmaceutical nanotechnology, offering significant improvements in drug solubility, stability, and bioavailability. These porous, nano-sized carriers (typically ranging from 10–1000 nm) are composed of hyper-cross-linked polymers such as cyclodextrins, polyesters, or polyamales, forming a three-dimensional network capable of entrapping both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs. Their unique structural properties enable controlled, sustained, and targeted drug release, minimizing side effects and enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Nanosponges are particularly advantageous for poorly water-soluble drugs (BCS Class II & IV), protecting them from chemical degradation, enzymatic hydrolysis, and pH variations. They can be engineered for various administration routes, including oral, topical, transdermal, ocular, and pulmonary delivery. Recent advancements explore stimuli-responsive nanosponges that release drugs in response to pH, temperature, or enzymes, as well as hybrid nanosponges combined with liposomes or nanoparticles for multifunctional applications. This review comprehensively discusses the fabrication techniques (e.g., emulsion solvent diffusion, ultrasound-assisted synthesis), characterization methods (DLS, SEM, BET analysis), and biomedical applications (cancer therapy, antiviral delivery, protein encapsulation). Despite their potential, challenges such as scalability, long-term toxicity, and regulatory approval remain. Future research focuses on personalized nanosponge formulations and clinical translation, paving the way for next-generation drug delivery systems