Urolithiasis and diabetes mellitus: A review of prevalence, risk factors, and clinical implications

Urolithiasis is a growing global health concern, particularly in regions with high rates of metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus. This review explores the prevalence, risk factors, and clinical implications of urolithiasis in the context of diabetes mellitus. The increasing prevalence of diabetes, projected to affect 640 million people worldwide by 2040, significantly elevates the risk of urolithiasis due to metabolic changes that alter urinary pH and increase the excretion of stone-forming substances. In Africa, the burden of both conditions is rising, with urbanization and lifestyle changes contributing to higher incidences. The review highlights the interplay between obesity, metabolic syndrome, and dietary habits as key risk factors. It also examines the clinical challenges posed by the coexistence of urolithiasis and diabetes, including recurrent stone formation, chronic kidney disease, and urinary tract infections. Effective management strategies, including lifestyle modifications, pharmacological interventions, and surgical options, are discussed. The review underscores the importance of early detection, patient education, and a multidisciplinary approach to mitigate the long-term burden of these interrelated conditions.