Evaluation of Artificial Insemination Efficiency and Reproductive Performance Traits in Smallholder Dairy Farms of West Wallaga Zone, Ethiopia

Ethiopia's livestock sector, the largest in Africa, plays a crucial role in the national economy, significantly contributing to agricultural GDP and foreign currency earnings.Despite its size, the productivity of Ethiopian livestock is notably low due to inadequate management practices, limited genetic diversity, and insufficient animal health services.The predominance of local breeds and the limited use of crossbreeding and artificial insemination (AI) pose challenges for improving livestock productivity.Smallholder farmers, who manage most of the cattle population, often lack systematic breeding practices and face obstacles in adopting AI.This study investigates the efficiency of AI in smallholder dairy farms within the West Wallaga zone, focusing on the reproductive performance differences between local and crossbred cows.The primary objective is to analyze the reproductive performance of local and crossbred cows and examine the impact of management practices on conception rates and delivery outcomes across different districts.Using Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA), this study evaluates conception status and delivery outcomes across various districts and years.The analysis highlights variations in reproductive traits, such as conception rates, calving intervals, and healthy calf deliveries.Findings indicate that crossbred cows achieve earlier reproductive milestones and higher milk yields than local breeds.Conception rates vary significantly across districts, with notable increases in Lalo Asabi, while Gimbi remains stable.The analysis also reveals differences in delivery outcomes, with Gimbi showing consistent results and Lalo Asabi experiencing fluctuations, including rising abortion rates.This study underscores the complexities influencing fertility outcomes in Ethiopian livestock, emphasizing the need for improved reproductive management strategies tailored to regional conditions.Addressing the identified challenges will be crucial for enhancing livestock productivity and supporting the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in the region.