Genesis of the legal principles of regulating the labor of minors in certain European countries

The article presents the results of a historical and legal analysis of the legal principles of regulating the labor of minors in certain European countries. It is revealed that the first attempts to regulate the labor of minors took place in ancient times in Egypt, Babylon and Rome, mainly through apprenticeship, the involvement of slave children in labor was the norm and was not limited. It is substantiated that by the 13th century the practice of combining work and education had spread in Western European countries in the form of craft workshops, and the first Charter of Artisans was adopted in England back in 1563. It is proved that the industrial revolution changed the attitude towards vocational training, there was a need for workers with STEM education. As a result, educational institutions began to develop rapidly, in particular in London in 1823, an institute was founded by George Birkbeck, and in France, technical education on a national scale began in 1880. It has been found that in 1839, Prussia was one of the first countries to pass a law to control the practice of child labor in its industrial regions, which limited child labor in factories and set the number of hours a child could work. After much debate, the United Kingdom passed the 10-hour law in 1847, limiting the total duration of working hours in factories to 10 hours (known as Lord Ashley’s Law). The nature of apprenticeship and the regulation of juvenile labor changed significantly after the Second World War, with significant differences between different countries. It was found that at the international level, the processes of regulating child labor began with the first International Labor Conference in Berlin in 1890, as well as the creation in 1900 in Basel of the International Association for Labor Law to promote provisions on child labor as part of international labor law. The analysis allowed us to distinguish 5 periods in the genesis of the legal principles of regulating the labor of minors in European states (the primary stage, the medieval stage, the stage of the first transformation under the influence of the industrial revolution, the stage of the formation of international standards for regulating the labor of minors and protecting their rights, and the modern stage.