Factors impacting spatial distribution of black and odorous water bodies in Hebei

Abstract Black and odorous water bodies in Hebei Province, China, are continuously attracting governmental attention. These water bodies exhibit a complex spatial distribution with multiple contributing factors; however, existing studies have not fully revealed its inherent patterns. Using publicly available data, this research employed various spatial analysis methods to thoroughly analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of black and odorous water bodies in Hebei Province and the coupling mechanism of multiple factors. The goal was to provide management suggestions for eliminating these water bodies. The study found the following: (1) black and odorous water bodies in this region exhibited a notable spatial clustering pattern, with kernel density results indicating concentration in the Cangzhou–Baoding–Langfang triangle. (2) The primary natural factors influencing the spatial distribution of these water bodies included the number of water bodies and temperature; social factors such as population density, ammonia nitrogen emissions, drainage pipeline density, and waste treatment capacity also played important roles. (3) There were deep-rooted causes for the spatial distribution of black and odorous water bodies, suggesting that effective management of these water bodies should focus on key areas and implementing comprehensive strategies that involve policies and regulations, infrastructure development, and ecological restoration.