Nanotechnology in Stroke Management: From Neuroprotection to Post-Stroke Recovery

Background: Stroke is a major global health burden, representing one of the leading causes of death and long-term disability. Current therapeutic strategies are limited by narrow treatment windows, poor drug penetration across the blood–brain barrier (BBB), and insufficient support for neuroregeneration. Objective: This review aims to evaluate the role of nanotechnology in stroke management, focusing on its potential in enhancing neuroprotection, promoting post-stroke recovery, and overcoming existing therapeutic limitations. Approach: A comprehensive analysis of recent literature was conducted, emphasizing the application of various nanomaterials—lipid-based, polymeric, metallic, and hybrid nanoparticles—in stroke therapy. Their mechanisms of action, including targeted drug delivery, thrombolysis, BBB penetration, anti-inflammatory effects, and neural repair, are critically reviewed. Discussion: Nanotechnology enables precise, site-specific delivery of therapeutic agents, facilitates real-time imaging, and supports tissue regeneration through multifunctional platforms. Several preclinical studies have demonstrated improved outcomes in stroke models using nanoformulations. Emerging clinical trials further validate their translational potential. Conclusion: Nanotechnology offers a transformative approach in stroke care, addressing both acute intervention and long-term rehabilitation. However, challenges related to safety, scalability, and regulatory approval must be resolved to enable clinical adoption. Future research should focus on multifunctional, biocompatible, and targeted nanoplatforms for integrated stroke management.