A Study on Pathways to High-Quality Population Development under the Theory of “Dual Production”

人口高质量发展是全面建成中国式现代化的重要支撑。我国目前存在经济发展与人口发展的结构性矛盾，人口发展新常态凸显了生育问题与未老先富的双重挑战。从微观层面考察，家庭作为人口再生产的基本单位，在生育养育、就业安居、医疗保障及养老照护等全生命周期各阶段均面临系统性压力，这实质上是社会主要矛盾在民生领域的具体呈现。马克思恩格斯认为，物质资料再生产与人口再生产构成社会发展的双重维度，二者辩证统一且历史地演进。家庭作为兼具人口功能与经济功能的特殊载体，成为协调两大再生产系统的关键枢纽。在构建新发展格局的进程中，可以通过完善生育支持政策体系、优化就业住房保障、健全医疗养老服务体系等制度性安排，切实强化家庭发展能力，推动经济高质量发展与人口高质量发展的动态平衡，实现两种再生产的良性互构。High-quality population development constitutes a pivotal support for the comprehensive realization of Chinese-style modernization. China currently faces structural contradictions between economic advancement and demographic evolution, with the new normal of population development highlighting dual challenges of declining fertility rates and premature aging before affluence. At the micro-level analysis, households as fundamental units of population reproduction confront systemic pressures across life-cycle stages including childbearing, employment security, healthcare accessibility, and elderly care, which essentially manifest the principal social contradiction within livelihood domains. Marx and Engels emphasized that material production and human reproduction constitute dual dimensions of social development, maintaining dialectical unity while evolving historically. Functioning as a pivotal nexus integrating demographic and economic roles, households emerge as crucial intermediaries in coordinating these dual reproduction systems. Within the framework of constructing new development paradigms, institutional innovations—including refining fertility support policies, optimizing employment-housing security mechanisms, and strengthening medical-elderly care service networks—can effectively enhance household development capacities. Such measures facilitate dynamic equilibrium between economic upgrading and population quality improvement, ultimately achieving synergistic interaction between material and human reproduction systems.