Emerging Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies in Renal Cell Carcinoma

Background: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common kidney cancer nearly 3% of all malignancies. Prominent advances in molecular biology and immunotherapy have revolutionized the understanding and treatment of RCC, resulting in favorable outcomes of patients. Objectives: This review focus on molecular mechanisms of RCC, diagnostic strategy advances, and emerging therapeutic strategies. Innovative therapies and areas of future research are highlighted with a view to augmenting personalized medicine. Materials and Methods: A systematic reviews was undertaken on medical article publications over the past 6 years. Mainly focused on renal cell carcinoma, molecular pathways, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and targeted therapies. Following the selection of articles, findings regarding RCC pathogenesis, diagnostics, and treatment advances were determined. Result: Recent research has also defined molecular changes, including Von Hippel Lindau (VHL) gene changes and hypoxia-inducible factors, that are responsible for RCC development. The advantages of immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as nivolumab and pembrolizumab, as mono therapies or in combination with targeted therapy, have improved positive outcomes for advanced RCC. Conclusions: In RCC biology and immunotherapy have improved outcomes for kidney cancer. Continuous investigation into biomarkers and molecular targets is important for expanding personalized therapies, improving effect, and sustaining to enhance positive outcomes.