Evolutionary Dynamics of Mitochondrial and Nuclear Genomes in Geese: Implications for Phylogenetic Reconstruction

Geese, due to their complex evolutionary history and multiple hybridization and domestication processes, have become an important model for studying the phylogeny and genomic evolution of birds. This study reviewed the research achievements on the evolution of mitochondrial and nuclear genomes in geese in recent years, explored the roles of these two types of genomes in speciation, lineage differentiation and trait domestication, and emphasized some factors affecting phylogenetic analysis, such as gene infiltration, incomplete lineage separation and inconsistency between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. This study also summarized the origin, population structure and genetic diversity of Chinese domestic geese, and combined with case analysis, revealed the geographical distribution characteristics of mitochondrial haplotypes. This study hopes to provide a theoretical basis for a further understanding of the complex evolutionary process of geese and other waterfowl.