Future manufacturing integrating additive and subtractive processes: A theoretical framework

Models that are more flexible, adaptable, and good for the environment are increasingly becoming the norm in manufacturing systems of the future. Additive manufacturing (AM) offers freedom, while subtractive manufacturing (SM) provides accuracy and surface quality. This blend of technologies helps producers construct intricate forms while utilizing less material and making their products operate better. There aren't any theoretical frameworks that all hybrid AM-SM systems follow when they are designed, built, and optimized, even though they are useful in real life. This paper gives us a whole theoretical framework for modeling trade-offs at the system level, making decisions, and bringing processes together. The framework tries to give researchers and real-world users a place to start by borrowing ideas from process planning, multi-objective optimization, and cyber-physical systems. The article also discusses future research goals and policy consequences to make it easier for people to use hybrid manufacturing systems.