COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ELECTORAL SYSTEMS

Electoral systems play a critical role in shaping the dynamics of democratic governance, influencing political representation, party structures, voter behavior, and governmental stability. This research paper provides a comparative analysis of three major electoral system typologies: First-Past-the-Post (FPTP), Proportional Representation (PR), and Mixed Electoral Systems (such as Mixed-Member Proportional and Parallel systems). Drawing on empirical evidence and global case studies, the paper examines how each system affects inclusivity, political fragmentation, vote efficacy, and institutional effectiveness. The study also addresses the challenges inherent in each system—such as gerrymandering in FPTP, coalition instability in PR, and administrative complexity in mixed systems—and evaluates ongoing reforms aimed at improving democratic outcomes. By critically evaluating these systems through normative and functional lenses, the paper aims to highlight the intricate balance between representational fairness and governance efficiency, offering insights into the suitability of electoral systems in diverse political contexts.