Carbon sequestration potential of eucalyptus-based agroforestry and cropping systems

Eucalyptus plantations and agroforestry systems have garnered significant interest due to their ability to capture carbon and mitigate climate change. This review assesses the carbon sequestration potential of eucalyptus-based systems, emphasizing their effectiveness in lowering atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels. In India, eucalyptus plantations exhibit carbon sequestration rates between 9.62 and 11.4 Mg ha-1 per year, with a total accumulation of up to 237.2 Mg C ha-1 over their lifespan. Various factors, including plantation age, soil quality and management strategies, influence this potential. Older plantations have greater carbon storage capacity, making them vital for long-term mitigation efforts. In addition to monoculture plantations, agroforestry systems integrating eucalyptus, such as silvi-pastoral, agri-silvicultural and boundary plantations, provide a comprehensive approach to carbon sequestration. These systems not only enhance carbon accumulation in both biomass and soil but also offer economic and environmental advantages, such as improved soil health, biodiversity conservation and livelihood support for farmers. Short-rotation eucalyptus plantations and agroforestry models can capture up to 10 Mg C ha-1 annually, contributing significantly to long-term carbon storage. Notably, eucalyptus species have also demonstrated potential for bio drainage in waterlogged areas due to their high transpiration capacity, though concerns regarding excessive water use have led to regulatory restrictions in certain Indian states. In regions facing land-use constraints, incorporating eucalyptus into agroforestry serves as a viable solution for sustainable carbon management. However, while eucalyptus plantations offer significant carbon sequestration benefits, their high water demand and potential groundwater depletion necessitate careful site selection, appropriate species choice and sustainable management to mitigate adverse effects. This review underscores the crucial role of eucalyptus plantations and agroforestry systems in global carbon sequestration initiatives. By increasing carbon storage in biomass and soil, these systems present an effective strategy for addressing climate change while delivering socio-economic and environmental benefits. Further research and the development of optimized management practices are needed to maximize their carbon sequestration potential while ensuring ecological sustainability.