Energy optimization in intelligent sensor networks: application of particle swarm optimization algorithm in the deployment of electronic information sensing nodes

Abstract Positioning, coverage, and energy efficiency are essential for developing next-generation intelligent sensor networks. In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the random deployment of sensor nodes (SNs) frequently results in suboptimal area coverage and excessive energy consumption, primarily due to overlapping sensing regions and redundant data transmissions. This research presents a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm to optimize the deployment of electronic information sensing nodes. The focus is on maximizing the monitored area while minimizing energy usage. A Scalable coverage-based particle swarm optimization (SCPSO) algorithm integrates a probabilistic coverage model based on Euclidean distance to detect coverage gaps and guide the optimal positioning of nodes, ensuring that each target within the region of interest is covered by at least one sensor. Data preprocessing, including Z-score normalization and Independent Component Analysis (ICA), ensures feature scaling and dimensionality reduction for improved model performance, enabling effective optimization. Experimental results under different key metrics included coverage rate (CR) for various numbers of nodes (0.9971) with 50 nodes, deployment (99.95%) with the best coverage, and computation time (0.008s), indicating significant performance improvements under optimized deployment configurations. These results highlight the effectiveness of swarm intelligence methods in enabling energy-efficient, performance-optimized deployment of electronic information sensing systems in intelligent WSNs.