Integrating mental health assessment in primary health care: Challenges, innovations, and economic implications in low-resource settings

Mental disorders are a significant contributor to global disability; however, mental health is often inadequately prioritized within primary health care systems, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This narrative review examines the incorporation of psychiatric assessment and care within primary health care, focusing on public mental health, health economics, and contemporary challenges in service delivery. The review highlights the significance of early detection, task-shifting, and culturally appropriate interventions in addressing prevalent mental disorders, including depression, anxiety, substance use disorders, and ADHD, based on recent studies and policy frameworks. Barriers to service access, stigma, health-seeking behaviors, and the necessity for intersectoral strategies are emphasized. Integration is associated with improved clinical outcomes, increased efficiency, and diminished long-term burdens on health systems. The review examines digital innovations and capacity-building models that are critical for sustainable reform. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the necessity for immediate policy alignment, investment in human resources, and the development of context-specific implementation strategies to address the treatment gap and enhance equitable, person-centered mental health care at the primary level.