Coverage optimization and node minimization in WSNs: an enhanced hybrid PSO approach with spatial position encoding

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are widely used in various applications requiring efficient coverage and minimal resource utilization. This paper presents an enhanced hybrid particle swarm optimization (EHPSO) algorithm that incorporates a spatial position encoding (SPE) strategy to optimize coverage while dynamically adjusting the number of sensors deployed in WSNs. The proposed approach leverages the strengths of particle swarm optimization (PSO) by integrating it with the SPE mechanism, which effectively guides the search process towards high-quality solutions. The EHPSO algorithm is designed to balance exploration and exploitation capabilities, enabling dynamic node adjustment and ensuring robust performance across different network configurations and environmental conditions. Extensive simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed method against state-of-the-art algorithms in terms of coverage quality and node count. A multi-objective optimization model is also established, further illustrating the algorithm's performance and its effectiveness in balancing the number of sensors and coverage rate. Results demonstrate improvements in coverage optimization and reduction of node deployment compared to existing methods. This research contributes to more efficient and cost-effective deployment strategies for WSNs, particularly in scenarios where resources are limited and optimal coverage is critical.