Ethogram of young European bison (Bison bonasus) maintained in a zoological garden conditions

The study aimed to develop a proposal for an ethogram of young European bison maintained in the conditions of a zoological garden based on direct observations and audiovisual material. Observations were conducted at the Warsaw Zoo from March to September 2023. The subjects of the study were two young individuals: a 3-yearold heifer and a 2-year-old bull. The total duration of the recordings amounted to 74 hours, 22 minutes, and 10 seconds. The developed ethogram consists of 19 behavior categories. It includes not only behaviors typical of the species, but also stereotypic behavior, interactions with tourists, and ambiguous behaviors that can be assigned to multiple behavior categories. The proposed ethogram may be used in future studies concerning the behavior and welfare of young European bison in captive conditions.