Predicting the compressive strength of concrete incorporating waste powders exposed to elevated temperatures utilizing machine learning

The addition of powders from waste construction materials as partial cement substitute in concrete represents a significant step toward green concrete construction. High temperatures have a substantial influence on concrete strength, resulting in a reduction in mechanical properties. The prediction of the impacts of waste powders on concrete strength is an important topic in sustainable construction. Such models are needed to understand the complex interactions between waste materials' powders and concrete strength. In this study, three machine learning approaches, extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), random forest (RF), and M5P, were used for constructing the prediction model for the impact of elevated temperatures on the compressive strength of concrete modified by marble and granite construction waste powders as partial cement replacements in concrete. Dataset of 324 tested cubic specimens with four input variables, waste granite powder dose (GWP), waste marble powder (MWP), temperature (T), and duration (D) were chosen for developing the prediction models. The output was the concrete compressive strength (CS). MWP and GWP ranged between 0 and 9%, temperatures were ranged between 25 °C and 800 °C, and duration up to 2 h. Hyperparameters in the RF and XGB models were optimized using grid search. K-fold cross-validation and several statistical measures, including R²MAPE, RMSE, and MAE, were utilized to validate and check the accuracy of the proposed models. The developed models were evaluated against experimental data and previously established models. The XGB model demonstrated the highest R² of 0.9989, alongside the lowest prediction errors: MAE of 0.1351 MPa, RMSE of 0.1842 MPa, and MAPE of 0.48%. The results showed that the XGB prediction model for the concrete compressive strength outperformed the other proposed models. The SHAP analysis, Individual Conditional Expectation (ICE), and Partial Dependence Plots (PDP) revealed that GWP and MWP positively influence the compressive strength, while the temperature exerts the most negative influence on predicting the compressive strength. Finally, a graphical user interface (GUI) for the compressive strength of concrete containing GWP and MWP subjected to elevated temperatures has been created, which may be of considerable assistance, guidance, and efficiency in research and construction industry contexts.