Clinical differences among types of in-stent calcifications in coronary arteries: how can this be better managed?

Several treatment devices are available such as conventional balloon, modified balloon, atherectomy device, and intravascular lithotripsy. In-stent smooth calcification and calcified nodule might result in different clinical courses after repeated target lesion revascularization. Understanding the mechanisms with the various types of in-stent calcification may assist operators in selecting appropriate treatment strategies.