The Effect of Feedback on a Remote Operator’s Maneuvering Control for MASS Remote Navigation Competency

The rapid advancement of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) technology has highlighted the growing need for Remote Operators (ROs) to manage MASS effectively. ROs possess specialized competencies in areas such as situational awareness, crisis management, and system operation. Despite the introduction of competency-based training and assessment in the maritime sector through the international convention on standards of training, certification, and watchkeeping for seafarers convention, the framework's implementation remains incomplete, particularly in remote operator training for MASS. This study is purpose to identify which competencies improve rapidly with performance feedback and which improve slowly. This study conducted an experiment to quantitatively evaluate the effect of performance feedback, particularly focusing on maneuvering control, on the remote navigation competencies of ROs for MASS. The findings indicate that performance feedback had a notable impact on improving participants' ability to execute certain remote navigation tasks during the initial phases of altering, leading to more precise and timely actions. In contrast, performance feedback seemed less effective in addressing the competencies required for maintaining stability or returning to the intended course after altering. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the creation of structured training programs focused on strengthening ROs' core remote navigation competencies including maneuvering control, ensuring the safe and efficient operation of MASS.