Extraction efficiency of Graptophyllum pictum: influence of methods and durations on bioactive compound recovery and antioxidant capacity

Graptophyllum pictum, commonly known as daun wungu, is a medicinal plant rich in bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties. This study evaluated the effects of three extraction methods-continuous shaking extraction (CSE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE)-along with three different extraction durations for each method, on total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant capacity. TPC and TFC were quantified using spectrophotometric assays, while antioxidant activity was assessed through DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and CUPRAC methods. Results revealed that MAE at a duration of three minutes achieved the highest TPC (3.202 ± 0.128 mg GAE/g DW) and TFC (3.604 ± 0.085 mg QE/g DW), accompanied by the most potent antioxidant activities across all assays. In contrast, CSE and UAE demonstrated moderate efficiency, with longer extraction times generally enhancing yield but reducing consistency. A strong positive correlation was found between TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activities, highlighting the contribution of phenolics and flavonoids to antioxidant performance. These results highlight MAE's potential as the most efficient extraction method forG. pictum, supporting its potential application in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical development.