Cost-Effective and Visual Electrochromic Detection of Glucose Using a Closed Bipolar Electrode Platform

Abstract In this study, a novel potential-integrated electrochromic (EC) visual sensor was developed for glucose detection using a closed bipolar electrode (BPE)-enabled electrochromic device. The sensor consists of a flexible thin film of graphene oxide (GO) or GO-poly(3,4-ethylenedioxypyrrole) (GO-PEDOP) and an electrochromic slime electrolyte containing ethyl viologen as the electrochromic indicator. The setup includes a reporting cell integrated with a GO or GO-PEDOP-based closed BPE and a separate silver (Ag)-coated filter paper containing various glucose concentrations as analytical cell. This design facilitates the electrochemical detection of glucose, achieving a linear range of up to 2 mM with a detection limit of approximately 0.66 mM. The use of GO-PEDOP offers enhanced flexibility and sensitivity, making the sensor highly effective for electrochemical glucose sensing. The proposed closed BPE-enabled device demonstrates low cost, simplicity, and ease of use, offering a promising platform for diverse glucose sensing applications with visual readouts. These attributes make it a promising candidate for widespread adoption in point-of-care diagnostics.