DEFORMATION MONITORING OF THE EARTH AND NATURAL PROCESSES

This article examines the modern methods used for deformation monitoring of the Earth's surface, focusing on both natural and anthropogenic processes. Special attention is given to high-precision geodetic techniques such as Global Navigation Satellite Systems, Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar, gravimetric measurements, and remote sensing technologies. The integration of these approaches allows for the detection and continuous observation of deformations on regional and global scales. The Global Navigation Satellite Systems method enables the monitoring of surface movements in real time with high spatial and temporal resolution, which is especially important in seismically active regions or zones of intensive human activity such as mining, underground construction, or the operation of hydraulic structures. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar technology is increasingly applied for its ability to detect vertical and horizontal displacements with millimeter accuracy over wide areas, using data from radar satellites. Gravimetric measurements complement deformation analysis by identifying changes in the Earth's gravity field that reflect mass redistribution processes in the crust and mantle. Remote sensing data from optical and multispectral satellites enhance the interpretation of surface changes by providing contextual and environmental information. The article reviews the current state of research in this field, emphasizing the growing role of integrated monitoring systems that combine multiple data sources for more reliable results. The study presents examples of successful applications of these technologies in geodynamic monitoring, landslide and subsidence detection, and monitoring of volcanoes and glaciers. It concludes that the use of modern geodetic and remote sensing technologies is a powerful tool for understanding Earth's dynamic behavior, improving risk assessment, and ensuring sustainable development in areas exposed to natural hazards.