Demographic criteria of diabetes mellitus burden in the periphery of the Sultanate of Oman: Realizing where we stand is the first step in deciding where to go

Objectives: Diabetes mellitus (DM) poses a significant global health challenge, with a particularly high prevalence in the Gulf countries. Understanding the specific demographic criteria and burden of DM in local communities is crucial for targeted interventions and resource allocation. This study aimed to delineate the demographic profile, risk factors, complications, and glycemic control status of diabetic patients in the South AlSharqiyah governorate, Sultanate of Oman, a region with previously scarce data. Material and Methods: A single-center, cross-sectional study was conducted, analyzing data from all 3306 adult patients with DM attending the Sur Specialized Diabetic Center between January 2019 and December 2021. Data on demographics, DM type, risk factors, associated comorbidities, diabetic complications, and initial and latest glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were extracted from the Al Shifaa 3+ health data system and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Results: The study cohort comprised 57% females and 43% males, with approximately half (47.5%) aged between 40 and 59 years. Type 2 DM was predominant (94.7%). Obesity was the most prevalent risk factor, with 53% of patients classified as obese (body mass index >30 kg/m 2 ) and an additional 32% as overweight. Hypertension was the most common comorbidity, affecting 55% of patients. Diabetic retinopathy was the leading complication (22%), followed by diabetic nephropathy (13%). At registration, over 60% of patients had an HbA1c >9%, indicating poor initial glycemic control. However, at the end of the study period, 41% of patients achieved an HbA1c <7%, demonstrating significant improvement in glycemic management. Conclusion: This study provides the first comprehensive overview of the DM burden in the South AlSharqiyah governorate of Oman, highlighting a high prevalence of type 2 DM, obesity, and associated complications. While improvements in glycemic control were observed, the initial poor control and high rates of complications underscore the need for enhanced preventive strategies, early detection, and optimized management protocols tailored to this specific population. These findings serve as a vital baseline for future public health initiatives and research in the region.