Advancing Bioenergy and Biofuels: Role of Nanotechnology in Sustainable Energy Systems

The growing necessity to transition from fossil fuels to sustainable energy sources has driven extensive research into advanced technologies that can address the limitations of conventional biofuel production. In this context, nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative platform, offering substantial enhancements in catalytic activity, enzyme immobilization, microbial efficiency, and reaction kinetics. This review provides a critical assessment of recent developments in the application of nanomaterials including metal oxides, carbon-based nanostructures, and bimetallic nanoparticles in the production of bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas, and biohydrogen. Empirical findings demonstrate the potential of nanomaterials to support process intensification through improved biomass pretreatment, catalyst reusability, and improved substrate conversion. However, despite these advancements, challenges persist, particularly concerning nanoparticle toxicity, environmental sustainability, scalability, and the economic viability of nano-enabled biofuel systems.