A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARTIFICIAL URBAN LIGHTING IN ODESA

The article is dedicated to the history of the development of street lighting in the city of Odesa, an essential element of urban infrastructure and cultural-historical heritage. It explores the main stages of the establishment and modernization of lighting systems, starting from the late 18th century, when Odesa was just beginning to develop as a city, and continuing to the modern era, characterized by the introduction of energy-efficient technologies. The paper provides a detailed analysis of the initial efforts to create traditional sources of street lighting, which began with the use of oil lamps. These provided a minimal level of illumination but laid the groundwork for further technical innovations and the development of the city's engineering infrastructure. Special attention is given to the role of street lighting in shaping the urban environment, as well as to the impact of innovative technologies on the quality of urban life and public safety. Based on the analysis of archival sources, historical documents, and modern research, the article outlines the stages of modernization of the city's street lighting. It describes how these changes reflect Odesa's socio-economic development and its integration into broader European urban processes. In the mid-19th century, the city began using gas lamps, which significantly improved the quality of lighting and contributed to the more active development of central districts. Later, in 1897, Odesa made a leap into the future by introducing electric lighting, which resulted in significant resource savings and improved street safety. In the 20th century, after severe destruction during World War II, the city's lighting infrastructure underwent large-scale reconstruction. In the second half of the century, new technologies were actively implemented, increasing the efficiency of the lighting system. The modern stage of development is characterized by the transition to energy-efficient LED technologies, meeting the demands of ecology and the modern urban environment. Additionally, the article examines the use of "smart" lighting management systems that automatically adjust light intensity depending on conditions and are gradually becoming an integral part of Odesa's urban space. The article contributes to a deeper understanding of the historical and cultural significance of urban lighting, its evolution, and its influence on the aesthetic appearance of Odesa.