Thalamocortical network neuromodulation for epilepsy

Despite the growing interest in network-guided neuromodulation for epilepsy, uncertainty about the safety and long-term efficacy of thalamocortical stimulation persists. Our evaluation focused on the use of a four-lead open-loop implantable pulse generator for thalamocortical network neuromodulation. We retrospectively reviewed seven patients with diverse seizure networks-poorly localized, regional, or multifocal-undergoing thalamocortical neuromodulation. Employing a four-lead system, electrodes targeted both thalamic and cortical seizure network nodes. We assessed seizure severity, life satisfaction and sleep quality on a 10-point scale, and seizure frequency was assessed via telephone interviews and chart review. Outcomes were assessed by the Wilcoxon sign-rank test at the 0.05 significance level. Seven patients with a median age at implant of 22 years (range 14-42 years) had a median disabling seizure reduction of 93% (range 50-100%, <i>P</i> = 0.0156), with 100% responder rate (≥50% reduction in seizure frequency) after a median of 17 months post-implantation (range 13-60). The median improvement in seizure severity was 3.5 out of 10 points (<i>P</i> = 0.0312), life satisfaction 4.5 points (<i>P</i> = 0.0312) and quality of sleep 3 points (<i>P</i> = 0.062). No perioperative complications occurred. Transient seizure exacerbations (<i>n</i> = 2) and stimulation-related sensory/motor side-effects (<i>n</i> = 2) quickly resolved with parameter adjustments. One patient required surgical revision due to delayed infection. Six patients had permanent electrode placement refined by intracranial EEG trial stimulation; five patients had >90% reduction in seizure frequency during trial stimulation. Thalamocortical network neuromodulation using a four-lead open-loop system is safe and associated with significant improvements in seizure control and patient quality of life. Trial stimulation during intracranial EEG shows promise for enhancing seizure network engagement and parameter optimization but requires further study. Prospective controlled trials are needed to further characterize and validate the efficacy and side-effect profile of thalamocortical network neuromodulation for epilepsy.