Development and standardization of a scale for attitude towards e-learning

The increasing reliance on digital learning platforms underscores the importance of robust tools to evaluate students' attitudes toward e-learning. This study addresses the gaps in existing research by developing and standardizing a comprehensive scale to measure undergraduate students' perceptions of e-learning. It encompasses broader dimensions such as content quality, perceived ease of use, engagement, and infrastructure support (Al-Fraihat et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020).Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research integrates qualitative feedback from domain experts with quantitative analysis of responses from 200 undergraduate students in Haryana, India. Rigorous testing, including item analysis, split-half reliability, Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.9) and Exploratory factor analysis (68.14% variance) confirmed the scale's high reliability and validity. The validated scale provides practical applications for educators, policymakers, and researchers aiming to enhance students' e-learning experiences. Additionally, the study offers actionable insights to optimize digital resources and overcome barriers to e-learning adoption, particularly within diverse socio-economic contexts. Future research could expand the scale's applicability to various educational levels and cultural settings, further refining and broadening its utility.