Flood and drought adaptation strategies for crop production in Jowhar District, Hirshabelle Region, Somalia

Climate change-induced floods and droughts increasingly threaten agricultural productivity, particularly in fragile ecological regions such as Somalia. This study assessed the effectiveness of flood and drought adaptation strategies on crop production in Jowhar District, Hirshabelle Region. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research integrated quantitative surveys from 392 farmers with qualitative interviews of 13 agricultural and environmental officers. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were employed, including Pearson correlation and regression models. Findings revealed a statistically significant but modest relationship between adaptation strategies and crop production (R = 0.310, R² = 0.096, p < .001), suggesting that 9.6% of crop productivity variance is explained by these strategies. Notably, flood adaptation strategies such as contour plowing, bunds, and early warning systems were positively perceived (mean > 4.0), while drought resilience techniques like use of early-maturing varieties and mulching showed strong farmer endorsement (mean = 4.567 and 4.167, respectively). However, gaps in technical knowledge, inadequate institutional support, and infrastructural deficits hinder full adoption. This study contributes to the empirical evidence on climate adaptation for food security in semi-arid Sub-Saharan Africa. Recommendations include expanding access to climate-smart technologies, strengthening extension services, and integrating indigenous knowledge with modern innovations. The findings are essential for policymakers, development partners, and local authorities seeking sustainable agricultural solutions in climate-vulnerable regions.