Preparation and characterization of transdermal nanoemulsion for osteoporosis

This research centers on the thorough assessment of an enhanced nanoemulsion (NE) formulation designed for topical medication administration. The main things that were looked at were globule size, polydispersity index (PDI), morphology, refractive index (RI), viscosity, pH, transmittance, zeta potential, in-vitro drug release, and stability under different storage conditions. The improved formulation had a tiny globule size of around 72 nm and a low PDI (0.12), which meant that the nanosystem was stable and uniform. This was further corroborated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) pictures that showed welldispersed spherical droplets. The RI (~1.302) and viscosity (158.7 cP) readings showed that the substance was chemically stable and had a smooth texture that would work well on skin. The pH range (6.3–6.8) and good transmittance (~99%) showed that the formulation was safe for skin and clear. In vitro drug release experiments showed that the medication was released steadily and effectively throughout 24 hours. The optimized sample showed that about 99% of the drug was released. Stability experiments performed at 25°C/60% RH and 40°C/75% RH over 90 days indicated negligible alterations in droplet size and PDI, while critical parameters remained consistent, therefore validating the formulation’s physical and chemical stability. These results show that the tailored nanoemulsion is a viable way to deliver drugs to the skin in a stable and effective way.