Research on Trusted Storage and Dynamic Access Control of Smart Grid Data Based on Blockchain and IPFS

With the intelligent transformation of energy and power systems, there is an increasingly urgent demand for the integrity, security, and traceability of smart grid data. Traditional centralized storage solutions suffer from issues such as vulnerability to data tampering, low storage efficiency, and coarse-grained access control, making it difficult to meet smart grids' requirements for high-trustworthiness data certification and dynamic permission management. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a dynamic access control scheme integrating blockchain technology, the Inter-Planetary File System (IPFS), and Cipher-text Policy Attribute-Based Encryption (CP-ABE). The core system architecture is based on the Hyper-ledger Fabric consortium blockchain, where IPFS stores massive grid monitoring data while the blockchain only retains data hashes and access policy indices, effectively reducing on-chain storage pressure. To mitigate sensitive data leakage risks, the CP-ABE algorithm is employed to achieve fine-grained dynamic access control, ensuring that only users satisfying attribute policies can decrypt data. Through system development and experimental validation, test results demonstrate that the encryption efficiency of the CP-ABE algorithm improves by approximately 40% compared to traditional RSA. This scheme provides a viable pathway for secure data certification and trusted sharing in smart grid, offering significant practical value for the digital transformation of energy systems.