Primary Frequency Regulation Strategy for Electric Vehicle Clusters Considering Traveling Demands and Market Incentives

With the advancement of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology, electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as flexible bidirectional interactive loads capable of providing auxiliary services, including primary frequency regulation, to power grids. However, EV output is highly influenced by battery state and travel demands, necessitating precise evaluation of their operating area to ensure battery safety and optimal resource utilization. To accurately assess the adjustable capacity of EV clusters, this study proposes a primary frequency regulation strategy for EV clusters considering traveling demands and market incentives, which optimizes the participation of EVs in grid frequency regulation. The strategy integrates EV travel demands and user response willingness, establishes a state of charge (SOC) operating area model, and incorporates market incentives. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.