A Fast DC-Bus Voltage Stability Control for Modular Photovoltaic Systems Integrated with Electric Vehicle Batteries

Fossil fuels are becoming increasingly detrimental to the environment, prompting microgrids (MGs) to use green energy. DC microgrids are adaptable and critical to future power systems. This paper describes a DC microgrid model that includes multi-solar panels (MSP), integrated with electric vehicle batteries (EVB), DC & AC local loads and a two-levels management system. The high-level management utilized a modified perturb and observe (MP&O) technique for maximum power tracking (MPT). The low-level control uses a direct sliding mode controller (DSMC) for converters regulation, energy management, ensuring seamless operation of EVB, and successfully keeping the DC-Bus voltage (DBV) within operating limits. The process runs in four distinct operating modes based on the EVB's energy source, demands, and charge status (SoC) including, (lack of energy with EVB discharging, surplus of energy with EVB charging, lack of energy without EVB and surplus of energy without EVB). The results of simulations and experiments demonstrate the usefulness of MP&O-DSMC approaches in terms of quick tracking and reliability in regulating DBV when compared to MP&O-PID and MP&O-PI strategies.