Applications and Implications of Large Language Models in Qualitative Analysis: A New Frontier for Empirical Software Engineering

Context. The use of large language models for qualitative analysis is gaining attention in various fields, including software engineering, where qualitative methods are essential to understanding human and social factors. Goal. This study aimed to investigate how LLMs are currently used in qualitative analysis and how they can be used in software engineering research, focusing on identifying the benefits, limitations, and practices associated with their application. Method. We conducted a systematic mapping study and analyzed 20 relevant studies to explore reports of using LLM for qualitative analysis reported in the literature. Findings. Our findings indicate that LLMs are primarily used for tasks such as coding, thematic analysis, and data categorization, with benefits including increased efficiency and support for new researchers. However, limitations such as output variability, challenges capturing nuanced perspectives, and ethical concerns regarding privacy and transparency were also evident. Discussions. The study highlights the need for structured strategies and guidelines to optimize LLM use in qualitative research within software engineering. Such strategies could enhance the effectiveness of LLMs while addressing ethical considerations. Conclusion. While LLMs show promise for supporting qualitative analysis, human expertise remains essential for data interpretation, and continued exploration of best practices will be crucial for their effective integration into empirical software engineering research.