Determining the optimal tilt angle for south-facing solar-photovoltaic panel surfaces case study in Najran, Saudi Arabia

Optimizing incident energy at the surfaces of solar modules is one of the most important parts of energy extraction. The goal of the solar-energy maximization problem is to maximize the amount of solar energy that strikes the flat surfaces of conventional flat solar-PV modules. The amount of solar energy that strikes the surface of photovoltaic (PV) panels is determined by the tilt angle of the panels. The position of the sun, latitude, and regional topography all affect the optimal tilt angle. This article discusses the optimal fixed-tilt solar-PV system angles for the Saudi Arabian city of Najran (18.00o N, 45.40o E). In addition to using meteorological equipment at the engineering college of Najran University in Saudi Arabia, LSI also gathered data on the city of Najran's horizontal solar radiation from