Factors Affecting the Perceived Safety Culture among Security Personnel in Philippines: An Integration of Protection Motivation Theory and the Expectation Confirmation Theory

The prevalence and increasing demand for security personnel in the Philippines stem from their historical role in safeguarding premises, the economic disparities that heighten the need for private security, and the rising crime rates that challenge public safety resources, which all contribute to the profession's demanding working conditions that severely influences their well-being, resulting in lapses in ensuring safety. This study aims to identify statistically significant variables affecting the Perceived Safety Culture (PSC) mindset and behavior of security personnel tasked with protecting assets and properties in the Philippines and examines Job Security, Safety Motivation, and Risk Perception as root factors while integrating Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and the Expectation Confirmation Theory (ECT) and the variables under both theories, using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The data was gathered through online and onsite surveys utilizing convenience sampling, garnering 615 valid respondents, composed of licensed security personnel from various security agencies in the Philippines. Results revealed that all hypothesized variable relationships were significant, except for Job Security, which has an insignificant relationship with Perceived Vulnerability. The relationship between Perceived Safety Culture and Satisfaction has the highest beta coefficient (ß= 0.720, p= 0.000), making it the strongest relationship in the model. It suggests that Satisfaction further reinforces the Perceived Safety Culture, enabling security personnel to perform safety-related behaviors more effectively. These findings can help organizations refine their policies and training programs by prioritizing the three root factors identified in the model, as it eventually strengthens the safety culture among security personnel.