Prospects and Features of the Turbidimetric Analysis Method for Determining the Antimicrobial Activity of Peptides and Antibiotics of the Glycopeptide Series (Systematic Scoping Review)

Introduction. Antimicrobial peptides and antibiotics produced by microorganisms are the leading group in pharmaceuticalл78 production in most economically developed countries. These drugs used in the treatment of various infectious diseases are one of the broadest categories. In Russia, antimicrobial agents are included in the list of vital and essential drugs. Currently, the problem of import substitution is acute due to the current political situation, so strategies for replacing imported pharmaceutical substances with domestic ones are currently being actively developed. Quantitative determination of the quality of antibiotic drugs is the main task for enterprises producing these drugs. The methods used for these tasks, such as biological, diffusion, turbidimetric, spectroscopic and chromatographic analyzes, require timely improvement and modifications to increase their specificity, sensitivity and reproducibility, which ultimately determines the quality of the drug. Purpose . The aim of this scientific study is to collect theoretical data and analyze the scientific literature to review the sector of antimicrobial peptides and antibiotics produced by microorganisms, especially glycopeptide antibiotics. Materials and Methods. Theoretical analysis, comparative analysis of the collected information, SWOT analysis; criterial method for analyzing information sources. Results and discussion. This study examined biological methods, their relevance for some antibiotics, such as glycopeptides, due to their complex chemical structure, which complicates the use of physicochemical analysis methods. Analysis of scientific publications in Russian and foreign (English) languages, reflecting the features of the characteristics of the glycopeptide antibiotic - vancomycin, its antimicrobial action, a block diagram of its production and microbial synthesis. When writing this review, peer-reviewed articles, patents and other sources published between 2019 and 2024, in Russian and English, were used. The search was conducted based on the following keywords: «pharmaceutical market», «antimicrobial peptides», «glycopeptide antibiotics», «vancomycin», «agar diffusion method», «turbidimetry method». As a result of the search for information sources, 50 publications posted in foreign and Russian-language databases (PubMed, Google scholar, E-library, Cyberleninka, State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation) were selected. Results. The dynamics of the modern pharmaceutical market of the antibiotic sector was analyzed, problem areas were identified, antibiotics produced by microorganisms were considered and a comparative analysis with antimicrobial peptides was carried out. The characteristics of the main group of glycopeptide antibiotics studied in this review, in particular vancomycin, are given. Its mechanism of antimicrobial action, technological block diagram of production and microbial synthesis at the molecular level are described. Pharmacopoeial methods for determining antimicrobial activity, namely the agar diffusion method and the turbidimetric method, are considered, a comparative analysis of these methods is carried out, and positive and negative aspects of standardization and control of antibiotic activity are identified.