Floating Solar Photovoltaics: Design Classifications and Technological Trends

Floating photovoltaics are rapidly emerging as a transformative solution in renewable energy, effectively addressing the intertwined challenges of energy generation and water crisis. Floating photovoltaic systems provide significant advantages, particularly their ability to enhance energy output through the natural cooling effects of water while simultaneously mitigating water evaporation from reservoirs and other water bodies. Research indicates that FPV installations can reduce evaporation losses by as much as $70 \%$, resulting in substantial water savings in regions facing scarcity. Additionally, the cooling effect provided by the water surface can increase the efficiency of solar panels, leading to higher energy production compared to traditional land-based installations. This paper synthesizes current research findings and evaluates the integration potential of FPV technology into existing infrastructure, discussing future directions for its implementation within sustainable energy strategies. By leveraging FPV systems, improved energy generation and effective water management practices can be achieved, positioning them as a crucial component of future renewable energy solutions.