Caregivers' Perceptions and Practices Regarding Responsive Caregiving and Early Learning in Cajamarca, Andean Peru: A Qualitative Study

ABSTRACT Parenting programs around the world target components of the “Nurturing Care Framework” (NCF)—including responsive caregiving and early learning—to improve early childhood development (ECD). However, it is difficult to optimally design culturally relevant programs without knowing how these components align with local cultural beliefs. This study explored how caregivers understand and encourage early learning and responsive caregiving, and analyzed how this aligns with existing conceptualizations from the NCF. We conducted individual qualitative interviews ( n = 17) and one focus group ( n = 8) with caregivers (18–62 years, 88% female) of children under 5 years of age in Cajamarca, Andean Peru. Caregivers discussed priorities, roles, learning and play, challenges, and support. We used the Framework Method for analysis and found considerable alignment between caregivers' perceptions and the NCF, as well as some culturally grounded factors. We provide recommendations to ensure that programs reflect local caregiving strengths and address areas of opportunity.