An Analysis of Undergraduate Aquatic Physiotherapy Curricula Across All Portuguese Universities: A Faculty Survey

Background and Purpose: Aquatic Physiotherapy is a distinct field with its own clinical reasoning, recognized in Portugal as an important intervention for various clinical conditions. Despite its growing use, there is limited knowledge about the specific syllabus covered in Portuguese physiotherapy degree programs. This study aims to survey and analyze the aquatic physiotherapy content in these programs. Methods: The Interest Group in Aquatic Physiotherapy (GIFA) developed an anonymous questionnaire using Google Forms, which was sent to all 22 higher education institutions offering physiotherapy degrees in Portugal. The questionnaire included 18 questions: eight focused on the teacher and institution, and ten on the curriculum and aquatic physiotherapy content in the respective programs Results: A total of 22 responses (100%) were obtained from all higher education institutions. Of the 22 teachers, 18 had specific training in aquatic physiotherapy. All institutions, except one, include this area in the curriculum. The subject is offered in different years: 2nd year (23.81%), 3rd year (52.38%), and 4th year (23.81%). The historical perspective of aquatic physiotherapy was the most discussed topic (77.27%), while project guidelines and thermalism were less frequent (22.73%), in theoretical sessions. In theoretical-practical sessions, evidence-based practice and indications/contraindications were common (54.55%). In practical sessions, the focus was on methods/techniques, evidence-based practice, and indications/contraindications (86.36%). Most commonly addressed populations were orthopedics (81.81%), adults and neurology (77.27% each), and elderly (72.73%). Commonly taught methods included Halliwick, Bad Ragaz, and aquatic therapeutic exercise programs (95.45%). The average workload for aquatic physiotherapy was 5.10 hours in theoretical sessions, 5.77 hours in theoretical-practical sessions, and 14.73 hours in practical sessions. Discussions and Conclusions: Aquatic Physiotherapy plays a key role in the qualification of physiotherapists in Portugal. This study highlights the varied approaches to teaching aquatic physiotherapy, emphasizing the need to standardize the curriculum to ensure consistency in practice across the country.